Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

 

To add or subtract rational expressions with the same denominators:

  • Add or subtract the numerators as indicated.

  • Keep the common denominator.

  • Simplify the resulting rational expression if possible.

Example 1

Simplify equation.

equation

Example 2

Simplify equation.

equation

To add or subtract rational expressions with different denominators:

  1. Completely factor each denominator.

  2. Find the least common denominator (LCD) for all the denominators by multiplying together the different prime factors with the greatest exponent for each factor.

  3. Rewrite each fraction so it has the LCD as its denominator by multiplying each fraction by the value 1 in an appropriate form.

  4. Combine numerators as indicated and keep the LCD as the denominator.

  5. Simplify the resulting rational expression if possible.

Example 3

Simplify equation.

Completely factor each denominator.

  • x and y are already prime factors.

Find the least common denominator (LCD) for all the denominators.

  • The LCD = xy.

Rewrite each fraction so it has the LCD as its denominator.

equation

Combine numerators and keep the LCD as the denominator.

equation

This rational expression cannot be simplified further. Therefore, equation

Example 4

Simplify equation.

Factor each denominator.

equation

Find the LCD.

The LCD = ( x – 4)( x + 4) 2

Rewrite each fraction so that the LCD is its denominator.

equation

Combine numerators and keep the LCD as the denominator.

equation

This rational expression cannot be simplified further. Therefore, equation

Example 5

Simplify equation.

( x – 3) is a prime factor.

Rewrite in descending order.

9 – x 2 = – x 2 + 9

Factor out –1 so the leading coefficient is positive.

equation

The LCD = ( x – 3)( x + 3). [The LCD could also have been –1( x – 3)( x + 3).]

equation

This rational expression cannot be simplified further. Therefore, equation

Example 6

Simplify equation.

Factor each denominator.

equation

The LCD = ( x + 2)( x – 2)( x – 1).

Rewrite the fraction so the LCD is the denominator.

equation

The LCD is equation

equation

This rational expression can be simplified.

equation

Therefore, equation

 
 
 
 
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